2 Week 3
2.1 Reminder 1: Skills
- Skills to have: being able to find the stress pattern (e.g. /2010/) of a word when listening to it, and being able to give its phonological /træn.’skrɪp.ʃən/ (syllabification NOT required)
2.2 Reminder 2: Stress principle
- Every word has one and only one primary stress (annotated /’/ or /1/).
- There can be no sequence of two stresses within a word.
- No word can begin with two unstressed syllables.
- When primary stress is placed on a syllable other than the first two, there appears a secondary stress on one of these syllables (annotated /ˌ/ or /2/).
- Syllables which receive neither stress /1/ nor stress /2/ are unstressed.
2.3 From last week
Look at the quality of the vowels in the stressed syllables.
Which are regular? Which aren’t? What process is happening?
| Word | Sounds | Stress | Received Pronunciation | General American |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| canada | /100/ | /’kæn.əd.ə/ | /’kæn.əd.ə/ | |
| comedy | /100/ | /’kɒm.əd.i/ | /’kɑːm.əd.i/ | |
| magic | /10/ | /’mædʒ.ɪk/ | /’mædʒ.ɪk/ | |
| custody | /100/ | /’kʌst.əd.i/ | /’kʌst.əd.i/ | |
| venus | /10/ | /’viːn.əs/ | /’viːn.əs/ |
- irregular: VCV \(\rightarrow\) /æ/ instead of /eɪ /
- irregular: VCV \(\rightarrow\) /ɒ/ instead of /əʊ/
- irregular: VCV \(\rightarrow\) /æ/ instead of /eɪ/
- regular: VCC \(\rightarrow\) /ʌ/
- regular: VCV \(\rightarrow\) iː/
“Irregular?” Really?
2.4 Examples
Consider the following words:
| Word | Sounds | Stress | Received Pronunciation | General American |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| average | /100/ | /’æv.ər.ɪdʒ/ | /’æv.ər.ɪdʒ/ | |
| evidence | /100/ | /’ev.ɪd.əns/ | /’ev.ɪd.əns/ | |
| vinegar | /100/ | /’vɪn.ɪg.ə/ | /’vɪn.ɪg.ər/ | |
| policy | /100/ | /’pɒl.əs.i/ | /’pɑːl.əs.i/ | |
| ratify | /100/ | /’ræt.ɪ.faɪ/ | /’ræt.ɪ.ˌfaɪ/ | |
| America | No sound, just type: ‘soundsAmerica’ | /0100/ | /ə.’mer.ɪk.ə/ | /ə.’mer.ɪk.ə/ |
| particular | /0100/ | /pə.’tɪk.jʊl.ə/ | /pə.’tɪk.jʊl.ər/ | |
| majority | /0100/ | /mə.’dʒɒr.ət.i/ | /mə.’dʒɔːr.ət.i/ |
Can you formulate the rule…?
2.5 Two fundamental rules
2.5.1 Normal Stress Rule (NSR)
States that all words of three syllables or more should have a /-100/ stress pattern.
Find the exception:
| Word | Sounds | Stress | Received Pronunciation | General American |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| energy | /100/ | /’en.ədʒ.i/ | /’en.ədʒ.i/ | |
| elephant | /100/ | /’el.ɪf.ənt/ | /’el.ɪf.ənt/ | |
| library | /100/ | /’laɪb.rər.i/ | /’laɪb.ˌrer.i/ | |
| juvenile | No sound, just type: ‘soundsjuvenile’ | /100/ | /’dʒuːv.ə.naɪəl/ | /’dʒuːv.ə.naɪəl/ |
| taciturn | /100/ | /’tæs.ɪ.tɜːn/ | /’tæs.ɪ.ˌt3r ːn/ | |
| develop | /010/ | /di.’vel.əp/ | /di.’vel.əp/ |
2.5.2 Luick’s rule
States that when in a /-100/ stress pattern, the vowel of the stressed syllable is lax / checked / short.
Find the other exception in the list above.
What about dissyllabic words?
Do exceptions to the NSR and / or Luick’s rule follow patterns?
2.6 Vocabulary
| Stress pattern | Technical name | The primary stress is on |
|---|---|---|
| /-1/ | oxyton | the ultimate |
| /-10/ | paroxyton | the penultimate |
| /-100/ | proparoxyton | the antepenultimate |
2.7 Oxytons
| -ade | -aire | -ee | -eer | -ese | -ette | -oo | -que | -sce | -oon | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Examples | blockade,brigade | legionnaire, millionaire | absentee, refugee | mountaineer, engineer | Chinese, Lebanese | cigarette, gazette | kangaroo, shampoo | antique, opaque | acquiesce, reminisce | afternoon, typhoon |
| Exceptions | accolade, decade, marmalade, renegade | committee, coffee, toffee, Yankee, jubilee, pedigree | reindeer | manganese | omelette | igloo |
2.8 Paroxytons
| -ia | -ial | -ible | ic(s) | -ian | -ient | -ious | -ish | -osis | -ion | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Examples | criteria, nostalgia | social, material | incredible, invisible | economics,topic, mechanic, critic | politician, optician | patient, gradient, sufficient | various, suspicious | establish, flourish | diagnosis, hypnosis | division, association |
| Exceptions | eligible, intelligible, corrigible | politic, Arabic, Catholic,lunatic, rhetoric | television |
- The extended <-ION> rule: <{i,e,u}+V(C0(e))> \(\rightarrow\) 1._
2.9 Examples
Discuss the stress patterns of the following words, and account for the quality of the vowel in the stress syllable:
Références
Fournier, J. M. 2007. “From a Latin Syllable-Driven Stress System to a Romance Versus Germanic Morphology-Driven Dynamics: In Honour of Lionel Guierre.” Language Sciences 29 (2-3): 218–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.010.