1 Bases de données
1.1 Vocabulaire
Français | English |
---|---|
le confinement | the lockdown |
un ordinateur portable | a laptop |
14 sur 20 | 14 out of 20 |
s’attendre à qqch | to expect stg |
des résultats mitigés | mixed results |
l’opinion majoritaire | the majority opinion |
tranché, clair | clear-cut |
appartenir à | to belong to |
la plupart | most |
un tiers | a third |
une échelle | a scale |
un stage | an internship |
évaluer | to rate |
un veau | a calf |
un mollet | a calf |
augmenter | to increase |
à l’étranger | abroad |
la renommée | standing |
épouvantable | horrendous |
une tension | a strain |
libérer | to unleash |
au cours de | throughout |
s’appliquer à | to apply to |
éviter | to avoid |
de l’agitation politique | unrest |
réussir à, parvenir à | to manage to |
la croissance | growth |
la famine | starvation |
un moyen | a means |
une percée | a breakthrough |
assister à | to attend |
accomplir | to achieve |
antérieur, précédent | previous |
défendable | arguable |
stupéfiant, incroyable | staggering |
un bond | a leap |
la foi | faith |
une récolte | a harvest |
se produire | to occur |
(s’) accélerer | to quicken |
à partir de X | from X onwards |
un réseau | a network |
sous-tendre | to underpin |
une décennie | a decade |
considérable | tremendous |
croissance, progrès | upswing |
aller de pair | to go hand in hand |
un équipement | an apparatus |
être dérouté | to be at a loss |
provenir de | to stem from |
se produire, se passer | to occur |
approfondi, minutieux | thorough |
une forme | a shape |
un métier, un artisanat | a craft |
dans l’ensemble | on the whole |
réticent à | reluctant to |
ainsi | thus |
un test décisif | a litmus test |
procurer qqch à qqn | to provide sb with stg |
de très mauvaise qualité | shoddy |
en raison de | due to |
se transformer en, devenir | to turn into |
la fortune | wealth |
par conséquent | therefore |
dans le sillage de | in the wake of |
faire des progrès | to make headway |
visible | conspicuous |
relier un livre | to bind |
posséder | to own |
à travers, au cours | throughout |
immédiatement | straight away |
concevoir à l’avance | to think through |
inclure, comporter, présenter | to feature |
une majuscule | a capital |
une preuve | a proof |
artisanat, savoir-faire | craftsmanship |
tisser | to weave |
prouver, démontrer | to speak to |
le dos d’un livre | the spine |
commander (une oeuvre d’art) | to commission |
le cuir | leather |
un atelier de reliure | a bindery |
un bord | an edge |
doré | gilded |
rugueux | rough |
produire, sortir | to issue |
provisoire | provisional |
assister à qqch | to attend stg |
une conférence | a lecture |
un défaut | a shortcoming |
une incarnation | an embodiment |
exposer | to set forth |
enraciner | to root |
mettre en valeur | to emphasize |
la maquette, la disposition | the layout |
une tache, un défaut | a blemish |
fabriquer | to manufacture |
uniquement | solely |
donner le feu vert | to greenlight |
en dépit de | in spite of |
bien que | although |
un discours | an utterance |
une déception | a disappointment |
parmi | among(st) |
pourtant | yet |
car | for |
à moins que | unless |
une marque, un signe | a token |
travailler dur | to toil |
un fardeau | a burden |
sanctifier | to hallow |
un but | an aim |
un grand pas | a stride |
un zélote | a votary |
adorer | to worship |
un coffret | a casket |
au milieu de | amid(st) |
un repos | a rest |
s’efforcer | to strive |
capter | to engross |
la perspicacité | insight |
ignorer | to disreguard |
manquer | to lack |
s’étonner | to wonder |
inonder | to flood |
des élucubrations | twaddle |
envers | towards |
cesser | to cease |
authentique | genuine |
une campagne de publicité | an advertising campaign |
méditer | to ponder |
les fournitures de bureau | stationery |
une annonce | an annoucement |
dispenser qn de | to save sb -ING |
pensif | thoughtful |
compatir | to sympathise |
le nom de famille | the surname |
enterrer | to bury |
raffiné | exquisite |
présenter, comporter | to feature |
demeurer | to remain |
au lieu de | instead of |
aisé | wealthy |
un foyer | a household |
un surnom | a nickname |
façonner | to craft |
un journal intime | a diary |
avoir honte de | to be ashamed of |
de l’adresse | deftness |
un point (couture) | a stitch |
du tissu | fabric |
une aquarelle | a watercolour |
détester | to loathe |
élever qqch | to raise |
avertir de | to warn aganist |
diffamatoire | libellous |
entreprendre | to undertake |
dissimuler | to conceal |
hors d’atteinte | out of reach |
récupérer | to retrieve |
estimer | to reckon |
minutieux | painstaking |
éviter, fuir | to shun |
remarquer | to notice |
ancien, ex | former |
un propriétaire | an owner |
abandonner | to give up |
viser à | to aim |
procurer | to provide |
un salaire | a wage |
se classer | to rank |
parmi | among |
une implication, un engagement | an involvement |
un conservateur de musée | a curator |
réduire les dépenses | to cut expenses |
un logiciel | a software |
un détaillant | a retailer |
la conscience | the awareness |
contrecarrer | to thwart |
une action | a deed |
léguer | to bequeath |
digne | worthy |
gagner de l’argent en travaillant | to earn |
s’enrôler | to enlist |
fort probable | likely |
le ravitaillement | the supply |
pendant que | while |
fournir | to provide |
déménager | to move |
décerner | to award |
biaisé, partial | biassed |
étendre, étirer | to stretch |
dentelle | lace |
résoudre | to work out |
rendre, donner | to hand out |
une enchère, une offre d’achat | a bid |
“tenir debout“, “se tenir“ | to have legs |
promouvoir (p…) | to promote |
une mission, une tâche | an assignment |
dépeindre | to depict |
sauvage | wild |
en apparence | seemingly |
un actif, un atout | an asset |
au premier plan | in the foreground |
rester, demeurer | to remain |
du mobilier, des meubles | furniture |
une réunion | a meeting |
emprunter à | to borrow from |
se moquer de | to poke fun at |
une échelle (de grandeur) | a scale |
champ, portée, marge de manœuvre | scope |
bien aimer qqch | to be fond of stg |
agencement, disposition, maquette | a layout |
un but, un objectif (p…) | a purpose |
un scrupule | a qualm |
qui s’ensuit, final | eventual |
un équipage | a crew |
probable, susceptible | likely |
s’excuser de qqch | to apologize |
agile | nimble |
avertir | to warn |
diriger qqch | to head stg |
rendement, productivité | output |
manipuler qqch | to handle stg |
confier qqch à qn | to entrust sb with stg |
une esquisse | a sketch |
continuer, poursuivre | to carry on |
vivant, plein d’entrain | lively |
reconnaître, admettre | to acknowledge |
un moyens de | a means to |
planifier | to schedule |
vendre la mèche | to spill the beans |
un dollar (fam.) | a buck |
il semble que | it looks as if |
dépenser | to spend |
une tempête | a storm |
superficiel, peu profond | shallow |
du jour au lendemain | overnight |
un modèle | a template |
un but (p…) | a purpose |
une enchère | an auction |
faire 1m. de large | to be 1m. wide |
fournir (p…) | to provide sb with |
essayer de | to attempt to |
plier | to fold |
s’agenouiller | to kneel |
une rayure | a stripe |
occidental | Western |
côte-à-côte | side-by-side |
exposer (e…) | to exhibit |
exposer (d…) | to display |
un point d’orgue | a highlight |
un faux | a fake |
remettre en cause | to call into question |
un spécialiste | a scholar |
commander une œuvre d’art | to commission |
rendre possible | to enable |
un trait de pinceau | a brush stroke |
rendre une décision | to rule |
superviser | to oversee |
un petit morceau | a patch |
duper, abuser | to fool |
une veuve | a widow |
à la fin, finalement | eventually |
une arnaque | a scam |
servir une peine de prison | to do the time |
médicolégal | forensic |
un marchand d’art | an art dealer |
tristement célèbre | infamous |
une vente aux enchères | an auction |
reconnu coupable | convicted |
récolter (un profit) | to net |
acheter | to purchase |
reconnaître | to acknowledge |
courageux, hardi | bold |
un artisan | a craftsman |
un témoin | a witness |
exact | accurate |
un orteil | a toe |
un casque | a helmet |
regarder fixement | to stare |
mériter | to deserve |
contrefaire, falsifier | to forge |
inoffensif | innocuous |
un mélange | a blend |
divertir, distraire | to entertain |
intéressé, cupide | money-grubbing |
riche, aisé | wealthy |
une série | a series |
dévoiler, révéler | to expose |
inattendu | unexpected |
gagner de l’argent | to earn money |
fruitful | prolific |
a tool or ornament showing human workmanship | artifact |
containing few details | sketchy |
done carefully and in great detail | in-depth |
a main message or piece of information that you learn from something you hear or read | takeaway |
money that is earned from doing work | income |
a cover on a container | lid |
used to refer to someone who has died | late |
10 years | decade |
the profit after reselling | mark-up |
an ability to do a job well | skill |
almost not | hardly |
a feeling of worry after doing something wrong | guilt |
authorization to leave prison | release |
false, and damaging to someone’s reputation | slanderous |
une amende | a fine |
être fier de | to be proud of |
une aiguille dans une botte de foin | a needle in a haystack |
être composé de | to be made up of |
être agenouillé | to kneel (knelt x 2) |
un pantalon | a pair of trousers |
un vol | a theft |
le personnel | the staff |
un atelier | a workshop |
un cadre | a frame |
un indice | a clue |
une exposition | an exhibition |
exposer | to display |
perdu | unaccounted for |
une pelote à épingles | a pincushion |
to seek | chercher |
la variole | smallpox |
une entremetteuse | a procuress |
une maison close | a brothel |
acajou | mahogany |
marcher sur la pointe des pieds | to tiptoe |
une servante | a maid |
le chanvre | hemp |
un bourreau | a hangman |
un noeud coulant | a noose |
faire un clin d’œil | to wink |
se disputer à propos de | to argue |
fouiller les ordures | to scavenge |
une veillée mortuaire | a wake |
un cercueil | a coffin |
abandonner | to leave unattended |
proche de | close to |
doué | gifted |
à l’intérieur de | within |
une tentative | an attempt |
malin, rusé | crafty |
un échec | a failure |
un couvercle | a lid |
une foire | a fair |
nul, de mauvaise qualité | rubbish |
finalement | eventually |
infantile | childish |
brut | raw |
supposer | to assume |
selon, d’après | according to |
un échantillon | a sample |
finir par | to end up + ING |
au-delà | beyond |
un conseil | advice |
surveiller | to monitor |
une entreprise | a company |
cautionner | to endorse |
suffisant, arrogant | smug |
un diplôme | a degree |
à l’égard de | regarding |
quelque peu | somewhat |
bien que (a…) | although |
l’aube | dawn |
confirmer,soutenir | to uphold |
en dépit de (i…) | in spite of |
aplatir | to flatten |
infondé | unfounded |
un domaine | a field |
enhardir | to embolden |
du matériel | hardware |
la consommation | consumption |
une famine | a starvation |
oisif | idle |
faire allusion à | to allude to |
sobre (rare) | abstemious |
un mal | an evil |
la pourriture | decay |
saisir | to grip |
répandu | widespread |
la folie | insanity |
abîmer | to damage |
une racine | a root |
révéler | to uncover |
déclencher | to spark |
la richesse | wealth |
à côté de | alongside |
la soif | thirst |
une gamme de produits | a range |
insatiable | unquenchable |
représenter | to depict |
des aiguilles à tricoter | knitting needles |
un fer-de-lance | a spearhead |
vaincre | to overcome |
hardi, courageux | bold |
engendrer | to spawn |
une mesure, une étape | a step |
soulever une question | to raise a question |
aller à l’encontre d’une tendance | to buck a trend |
un PDG | a CEO |
étendu | wide-ranging |
de la boue | mud |
prendre en compte | to take into account |
se concentrer sur | to focus on |
infortuné | hapless |
cependant (n…) | nevertheless |
dépendant à | addicted to |
confier | to vouchsafe |
gagner de l’argent | to earn |
an official document, signed by a judge or other person in authority, that gives the police permission to do something | a warrant |
having legal responsibility for something or someone | liable |
to refuse to give something or to keep back something: | to withhold |
to take something or someone away from somewhere | to remove |
the part of a cooker with a door, used to bake or roast food | an oven |
able to be bought or used | available |
one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true | evidence |
to take something illegally from a person, company, etc. | to defraud |
the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime | a trial |
a way of thinking about something, especially expressed in a publicly stated opinion | a stance |
le devoir | the duty |
grâce à | thanks to |
la confiance | the trust |
épouser qn | to marry sb |
les pauvres | the paupers |
partager | to share |
se concentrer sur | to focus |
une mouche | a fly |
une étincelle | a spark |
élancé | slender |
projeter | to cast |
un dard | a sting |
peu profond | shallow |
un mendiant | a beggar |
un gué | a ford |
un cadran solaire | a dial |
soupirer | to sigh |
saisir | to seize |
une épaule | a shoulder |
une enclume | an anvil |
oser | to dare |
offrir | to bid |
un torrent | a stream |
une prairie | a meadow |
laineux | wooly |
un val | a vale |
docile | meek |
un ver | a worm |
hurler | to howl |
écarlate | crimson |
la colère | wrath |
un ennemi | a foe |
fourbe | deceitful |
la ruse | wile |
voir (littéraire) | to behold |
se glisser | to steal |
sous | beneath |
au milieu de (littéraire) | in the midst of |
une tombe | a grave |
une robe | a gown |
de la bruyère | briar |
un nid | a nest |
chercher | to seek for |
une tonnelle | a bower |
un bosquet | a grove |
un troupeau | a flock |
grignoter | to nibble |
un bourgeon | a bud |
une fleur | a blossom |
le sein | the bosom |
une grotte | a cave |
verser | to pour |
attentif | heedful |
brouter | to graze |
bêler | to bleat |
pleurer | to weep |
la crinière | the mane |
des frères et sœurs | siblings |
un commerçant | a shopkeeper |
gémir | to groan |
parler d’une voix flûtée | to pipe |
un démon | a fiend |
lutter | to struggle |
s’efforcer de | to strive |
las | weary |
bouder | to sulk |
1.2 Définitions
Expression | Definition |
---|---|
BACK | the side of the signatures along which the leaves are folded. A synonym for spine |
BACKING | a light-weight strip of cardboard that is placed between the spine and the covering to stiffen the latter |
BACKLINING | a stiff strip that acts as the base for making the spine. It is made of the same material as the cover |
BANDS | the sewing supports (cords) when they are not sunk, but are outside the spine |
BOARDS | the cover boards when they are made of wood |
BOOKMARK | a ribbon or cord inserted between the pages and attached to the upper-inside part of the spine |
COLOPHON | also called publisher’s postcript, it is, in a printed book the final annotation which gives the printer’s name, location, and date of publication |
COVERING | the material which covers the cover structure. Also the operation of applying it |
COVER | the structure or material that covers the book block |
CREASING | the groove, which in bookbinding is made with a particular machine or manually with a bone folder, that folds paper and cardboard without damaging them |
EDGE | the three-side surfaces along which the book opens. Corresponds to the outer borders of the sheets |
COVER BOARDS | the two side parts of the cover that cover the surfaces of the book. Also the cardboard pieces before they are covered |
FLAPS | the cover board turn-ins of typographic covers |
CASING | the operation in which the book block is inserted and joined to the cover by pasting the flyleaves |
FLYLEAVES | situated at the beginning and the end of a book. The leaves are folded in two parts, one of which is pasted to the inside of the cover while the other forms the first and last pages of the book |
FORE-EDGE | in books with rounded spines, this is the rounded recess along the whole edge of the book |
GAP | a small space left between the shoulder and the tip of the cover boards so that they can open more easily |
GROOVE | the groove between the spine and the board covers |
HEAD | the upper part of the book |
ROUNDING | the operation involved in making the spine rounded |
SEWING | the operation that enables the signatures to be kept together. It can be done in link-stitch, half-stitch, or full-stitch |
SHOULDER | obtained by rounding. It is the same thickness as the cover boards |
HEADBAND | the silk band that encircles the spine and protrudes at the head and tail |
SIGNATURE or SECTION | two or more sheets folded in half and inserted into each other. The result of folding the printed or blank sheets |
SPINE | the side of the book in which the signatures are sewed together |
TAIL | lower part of the book |
TAPPING (ALIGNING) | a recurring operation that is necessary for keeping the edges of the sheets and the backs of the signatures aligned |
TITLE PAGE | the page that proceeds the text and bears the title and author’s name |
TRIMMING | carried out on individual signatures to even them out and make them the same size |
WASTE PAPER | a technical term to define all the paper (newspaper and wrapping paper) that are used as a support while working |
1.3 Traductions
Français | English |
---|---|
Avec qui habites-tu ? | Who do you live with? |
Combien de temps cela te prend-il pour aller à l’École Estienne ? | How long does it take you to go to École Estienne? |
Où habitais-tu l’année dernière ? | Where did you live last year? |
Es-tu déjà allé(e) au Musée de la Bourse de Commerce qui a ouvert l’année dernière ? | Have you already been to the MBC which opened last year? |
Regarde ! Ils installent de nouveaux ordinateurs ! | Look! New computers are being installed. |
On m’a dit qu’ils ne fonctionnaient pas très bien… | I was told they didn’t work properly… |
Ils sont en train d’examiner le problème. | The issue is being looked into. |
On dit de ces ordinateurs qu’ils ont coûté très cher. | These computers are said to have cost a lot. |
On m’a dit que William Morris avait aussi écrit des poèmes | I was told William Morris had also written poems. |
S’il ne faisait pas aussi chaud, je ne serais pas aussi fatigué(e) | It it weren’t that hot, I wouldn’t be that tired. |
Tu n’aurais pas dû lui parler | You shouldn’t have spoken to her. |
Si j’avais su, je n’aurais pas écrit ce courriel. | If I had known, I wouldn’t have written that email. |
Tu n’aurais pas dû donner le feu vert à cette maquette. | You should not have given the green light to this layout. |
Ces livres ont été publiés en dépit de leurs défauts. | These books were published in spite of their shortcomings. |
As-tu assisté à la vidéo-conférence hier soir? | Did you attend yesterday’s video meeting? |
Morris n’achetait que des produits fabriqués par les meilleurs artisans. | Morris only boughts products manufactured by the best craftsmen. |
À moins que tu ne sois pas d’accord, je pense que nous devrions choisir cette option. | Unless you disagree, I think we should choose this option. |
Nous nous efforçons de répondre au mieux aux exigences des clients . | We strive to meet our customers’ requirements as well as we can. |
J’ai dû assister à la réunion en dépit d’un emploi du temps très serré. | I had to attend the meeting in spite of a very tight schedule. |
Il a dû oublier de leur envoyer la nouvelle maquette. | He must have forgotten to send them the new layout. |
Les peintres pré-raphaelites ont dû avoir beaucoup d’influence. | The Pre-Raphaelites must have had a lot of influence. |
Il se pourrait que cette œuvre ait été découverte par hasard. | This work might have been discovered by chance. |
Voilà des mois que je me pose aussi cette question ! | I’ve been wondering for months about that too! |
Le projet sur lequel je travaille depuis vendredi m’ennuie un peu. | The project I’ve been working on since Friday bores me. |
Ces ouvrages ont été imprimés et reliés au début du vingtième siècle. | These books were bound and printed at the beginning of the twentieth century. |
On étudie encore l’impact de May Morris sur les Beaux Arts. | May Morris’s impact on Fine Arts is still being studied. |
On devrait davantage écouter les experts. | Insiders should be listened to more. |
Les gens croient toujours que les motifs de May Morris ont été créés par son père. | May Morris’s patterns are always believed to have been created by her father. |
On pense que William Morris a été inspiré par une conférence sur la typographie. | William Morris is thought to have been inspired by a lecture on typography. |
Ce tableau est exposé à la National Gallery depuis 40 ans. | This painting has been on display for 40 years. |
L’expérience esthétique dépend-elle de notre connaissance de l’artiste? | Does our aesthetic experience depend on our knowledge of the artist? |
Les conservateurs de musée devraient dire la vérité, et n’exposer que d’authentiques œuvres d’art. | Curators should tell the truth and only display genuine works of art. |
Où est ma collègue ? — Elle doit travailler en salle de réunion. | Where is my colleague? She must be working in the meeting room. |
Il se pourrait que je l’aie vue dans le bureau des ingénieurs. | I might have seen her in the engineers’ office. |
Ce message a peut-être été envoyé par erreur. | This message may have been sent by mistake. |
Mon voisin a dû attraper le COVID. | My neighbour must have caught COVID. |
Il se peut que j’aie cassé ton ordinateur portable… | I may have broken your laptop… |
Il se pourrait que nous devions changer toute la maquette. | We might have to change the whole layout. |
Hogarth a dû être un artiste très compétent. | Hogarth must have been a very skilled artist. |
L’exposition aurait dû avoir lieu à Paris. | The exhibition should have taken place in Paris. |
Il se peut que beaucoup d’artistes tirent encore leur inspiration de son œuvre. | A lot of artists may still be drawing their inspiration from his work. |
Il se pourrait que j’aie oublié d’apporter les documents… | I might have forgotten to bring the documents. |
Tu aurais pu lui écrire un courriel, elle aurait apprécié. | You could have written her an email, she would have appreciated it. |
Si tu me dis où se trouvent les ciseaux, je te les apporterai. | If you tell me where the scissors are, I will bring them to you. |
Si j’étais doué, j’emballerais les cadeaux en deux temps trois mouvements. | If I were gifted, I would wrap the presents in no time. |
Si le comédien avait parlé plus lentement, j’aurais compris ses blagues. | If the comedian had spoken more slowly, I would have understood her jokes. |
Avec qui travailles-tu sur le logo du cours ? | Who are you working on the logo with? |
Nous avons décidé de ne pas utiliser le drapeau britannique. | We decided not to use the Union Jack. |
Le logo serait plus joli si nous avions eu plus de temps. | The logo would be nicer if we had had more time. |
Nous avons choisi de ne pas utiliser d’images pour créer notre logo. | We chose not to use any images to create our logo. |
Le logiciel avec lequel nous avons travaillé est très efficace. | The software we worked with is very efficient. |
Vous vous demandez peut-être pour quelle raison nous avons adopté cette mise en page. | You may wonder why we adopted this layout. |
Avec qui vas-tu donner ta présentation ? | Who are you going to give your presentation with? |
Il se peut que ma coéquipière ait oublié d’apporter nos notes… | My team-mate may have forgotten to bring our notes. |
Pourquoi ne m’a-t-on pas dit que nous devions faire notre présentation aujourd’hui ?! | Why have I not been told we had to give our presentation today?!! |
Il se peut que le peintre ait voulu choquer. | The painter may have wanted to shock viewers. |
Il se pourrait que le personnage à l’arrière-plan soit un policier. | The character in the background might be a policeman. |
Le personnage principal devait habiter dans une grande ville. | The main character must have lived in a big city. |
Je ne m’attendais pas à bien aimer la poésie… | I wasn’t expecting to like poetry. |
Je regrette de n’avoir pas lu davantage de poèmes avant. | I wish I had read more poems before. |
Voilà vingt minutes que je lis ce poème, je ne le comprends toujours pas. | I’ve been reading this poem for 20 minutes, I still don’t understand it. |
Il se pourrait que j’aie oublié d’apporter les documents… | I might have forgotten to bring the documents. |
Les gens croient toujours que les motifs de May Morris ont été créés par son père. | May Morris’s patterns are always believed to have been created by her father. |
Tu n’aurais pas dû donner le feu vert à cette maquette. | You should not have given the green light to this layout. |
On étudie encore l’impact de May Morris sur les Beaux Arts. | May Morris’s impact on Fine Arts is still being studied. |
Il se peut que ma coéquipière ait oublié d’apporter nos notes… | My team-mate may have forgotten to bring our notes. |
On m’a dit que William Morris avait aussi écrit des poèmes | I was told William Morris had also written poems. |
Nous avons choisi de ne pas utiliser d’images pour créer notre logo. | We chose not to use any images to create our logo. |
Il se peut que j’aie cassé ton ordinateur portable… | I may have broken your laptop… |
Si j’avais su, je n’aurais pas écrit ce courriel. | If I had known, I wouldn’t have written that email. |
Le projet sur lequel je travaille depuis vendredi m’ennuie un peu. | The project I’ve been working on since Friday bores me. |
As-tu assisté à la vidéo-conférence hier soir? | Did you attend yesterday’s video meeting? |
free verse | poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter |
alliteration | use of the same consonant at the beginning of each word |
metaphor | a figure of speech that suggests a non-literal similarity |
simile | a figure of speech expressing a resemblance between things |
imagery | the ability to form mental pictures of things or events |
symbol | something visible that represents something invisible |
tone | a quality that reveals the attitudes of the author |
stanza | a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem |
rhyme | correspondence in the final sounds of two or more lines |
anaphora | the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of each line |
anapest | a metrical foot containing two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. |
assonance | the repetition of vowel sounds within a tight group of words. |
dactyl | a metrical foot containing a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables |
enjambment | the continuation of a sentence or phrase from one line of poetry to the next. |
meter | a basic unit of measurement in poetry |
iamb | an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable |
iambic pentameter | a pattern wherein the lines in a poem consist of five iambs |
meter | the rhythmic measure of a line |
rhyming scheme | the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line |
trochee | a metrical foot containing a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable |
Le professeur veut que nous lisions des poèmes de William Blake. | The teacher wants us to read poems by William Blake. |
On m’a dit que William Blake avait écrit l’hymne anglais. | I have been told that William Blake had written the English anthem. |
Les techniques qu’il a utilisées pour graver ses poèmes étaient très inhabituelles. | The techniques he used to engrave his poems very very uncommon. |
Ce vers présente une figure de style très intéressante. | Ths line features a very interesting literary device. |
Il est probable que l’auteur ait ici voulu parler de religion. | The author most likely wanted to speak about religion here. |
Blake voulait peut-être que le lecteur cherche lui-même le véritable sens de ces vers. | Blake may have wanted the reader to look for the true meaning of these lines by herself. |
1.4 Prononciation
Word | Stress Pattern | IPA (RP) | Received Pronunciation | General American |
---|---|---|---|---|
abroad | /01/ | /ə.’brɔːd/ | /ə.’brɔːd/ | |
pressure | /10/ | /’preʃ.ə/ | /’preʃ.ər/ | |
occur | /01/ | /ə.’kɜː/ | /ə.’k3r ː/ | |
unique | /01/ | /ju.’niːk/ | /ju.’niːk/ | |
achieve | /01/ | /ə.’tʃiːv/ | /ə.’tʃiːv/ | |
empire | /100/ | /’emp.aɪ.ə/ | /’emp.aɪ.ər/ | |
era | /10/ | /’ɪər.ə/ | /’er.ə/ | |
scientific | /2010/ | /ˌsaɪ.ən.’tɪf.ɪk/ | /ˌsaɪ.ən.’tɪf.ɪk/ | |
breakthrough | /10/ | /’breɪk.θruː/ | /’breɪk.ˌθruː/ | |
ancient | /10/ | /’eɪnʃ.ənt/ | /’eɪnʃ.ənt/ | |
throughout | /01/ | /θru.’aʊt/ | /θru.’aʊt/ | |
associate | /0100/ | /ə.’səʊʃ.i.eɪt/ | /ə.’soʊʃ.i.eɪt/ | |
linen | /10/ | /’lɪn.ɪn/ | /’lɪn.ɪn/ | |
leather | /10/ | /’leð.ə/ | /’leð.ər/ | |
gilded | // | /NA/ | gilded | |
rough | /1/ | /rʌf/ | /rʌf/ | |
lecture | /10/ | /’lek.tʃə/ | /’lek.tʃər/ | |
feature | /10/ | /’fiːtʃ.ə/ | /’fiːtʃ.ər/ | |
issue | /10/ | /’ɪʃ.uː/ | /’ɪʃ.uː/ | |
cathedral | /010/ | /kə.’θiːdr.əl/ | /kə.’θiːdr.əl/ | |
bindery | /100/ | /’baɪnd.ər.i/ | bindery | |
blemish | /10/ | /’blem.ɪʃ/ | /’blem.ɪʃ/ | |
pattern | /10/ | /’pæt.ən/ | /’pæt.ən/ | |
emphasize | // | /NA/ | emphasize | |
sequel | /10/ | /’siːk.wəl/ | /’siːk.wəl/ | |
manufacture | /2010/ | /ˌmæn.ju.’fæk.tʃə/ | /ˌmæn.ju.’fæk.tʃər/ | |
thorough | /10/ | /’θʌr.ə/ | /’θ3r ːr.ə/ | |
shoddy | /10/ | /’ʃɒd.i/ | /’ʃɑːd.i/ | |
therefore | /10/ | /’ðeə.fɔː/ | /’ðe.ˌfɔːr/ | |
avoid | /01/ | /ə.’vɔɪd/ | /ə.’vɔɪd/ | |
conspicuous | /0100/ | /kən.’spɪk.ju.əs/ | /kən.’spɪk.ju.əs/ | |
pleasure | /10/ | /’pleʒ.ə/ | /’pleʒ.ər/ | |
mediocre | /2010/ | /ˌmiːd.i.’əʊk.ə/ | /ˌmiːd.i.’oʊk.ər/ | |
novel | /10/ | /’nɒv.əl/ | /’nɑːv.əl/ | |
signature | /100/ | /’sɪg.nətʃ.ə/ | /’sɪg.nətʃ.ər/ | |
labour | /10/ | /’leɪb.ə/ | /’leɪb.ˌaʊr/ | |
although | /01/ | /ɔːl.’ðəʊ/ | /ˌɔːl.’ðoʊ/ | |
worthless | /10/ | /’wɜːθ.ləs/ | /’w3r ːθ.ləs/ | |
knowledge | /10/ | /’nɒl.ɪdʒ/ | /’nɑːl.ɪdʒ/ | |
burden | /10/ | /’bɜːd.ən/ | /’b3r ːd.ən/ | |
society | /0100/ | /sə.’saɪ.ət.i/ | /sə.’saɪ.ət.i/ | |
ethical | /100/ | /’eθ.ɪk.əl/ | /’eθ.ɪk.əl/ | |
contemporary | /01000/ | /kən.’temp.ər.ər.i/ | /kən.’temp.ər.ˌer.i/ | |
singer | /10/ | /’sɪŋ.ə/ | /’sɪŋ.ər/ | |
medium | /100/ | /’miːd.i.əm/ | /’miːd.i.əm/ | |
genuine | /100/ | /’dʒen.ju.ɪn/ | /’dʒen.ju.ɪn/ | |
advertise | /100/ | /’æd.və.taɪz/ | /’æd.və.ˌtaɪz/ | |
bury | /10/ | /’ber.i/ | /’ber.i/ | |
series | /10/ | /’sɪər.iːz/ | /’sɪr.iːz/ | |
stationery | /1000/ | /’steɪʃ.ən.ər.i/ | /’steɪʃ.ən.ˌer.i/ | |
study | /10/ | /’stʌd.i/ | /’stʌd.i/ | |
thoughtful | /10/ | /’θɔːt.fəl/ | /’θɔːt.fəl/ | |
initial | /010/ | /ɪ.’nɪʃ.əl/ | /ˌɪ.’nɪʃ.əl/ | |
chore | /1/ | /tʃɔː/ | /tʃɔːr/ | |
instead | /01/ | /ɪn.’sted/ | /ˌɪn.’sted/ | |
wealthy | /10/ | /’welθ.i/ | /’welθ.i/ | |
journey | /10/ | /’dʒɜːn.i/ | /’dʒ3r ːn.i/ | |
diary | /100/ | /’daɪ.ər.i/ | /’daɪ.ər.i/ | |
loathe | /1/ | /ləʊð/ | /loʊð/ | |
libellous | /100/ | /’laɪb.əl.əs/ | libellous | |
hurl | /1/ | /hɜːl/ | /hɜ˞ːl/ | |
notice | /10/ | /’nəʊt.ɪs/ | /’noʊt.ɪs/ | |
awareness | /010/ | /ə.’weə.nəs/ | /ə.’we.nəs/ | |
software | /10/ | /’sɒft.weə/ | /’sɔːft.ˌwer/ | |
worthy | /10/ | /’wɜːð.i/ | /’w3r ːð.i/ | |
earn | /1/ | /ɜːn/ | /ɜ˞ːn/ | |
agreement | /010/ | /ə.’griː.mənt/ | /ə.’griː.mənt/ | |
bequeath | /01/ | /bi.’kwiːð/ | /bi.’kwiːð/ | |
thwart | /1/ | /θwɔːt/ | /θwɔːrt/ | |
obituary | /01000/ | /ə.’bɪtʃ.u.ər.i/ | /ə.’bɪtʃ.u.ˌer.i/ | |
revival | /010/ | /ri.’vaɪv.əl/ | /ri.’vaɪv.əl/ | |
flourish | /10/ | /’flʌr.ɪʃ/ | /’fl3r ːr.ɪʃ/ | |
intricate | /100/ | /’ɪntr.ɪk.ət/ | /’ɪntr.ɪk.ət/ | |
lively | /10/ | /’laɪv.li/ | /’laɪv.li/ | |
author | /10/ | /’ɔːθ.ə/ | /’ɔːθ.ər/ | |
entire | /010/ | /ɪn.’taɪ.ə/ | /ɪn.’taɪ.ər/ | |
allow | /01/ | /ə.’laʊ/ | /ə.’laʊ/ | |
riot | /10/ | /’raɪ.ət/ | /’raɪ.ət/ | |
placard | /10/ | /’plæk.ɑːd/ | /’plæk.ɑːd/ | |
purpose | /10/ | /’pɜːp.əs/ | /’p3r ːp.əs/ | |
casualty | /1000/ | /’kæʒ.u.əl.ti/ | /’kæʒ.u.əl.ti/ | |
digital | /100/ | /’dɪdʒ.ɪt.əl/ | /’dɪdʒ.ɪt.əl/ | |
purchase | /10/ | /’pɜːtʃ.əs/ | /’p3r ːtʃ.əs/ | |
acknowledge | /010/ | /ək.’nɒl.ɪdʒ/ | /ək.’nɑːl.ɪdʒ/ | |
toe | /1/ | /təʊ/ | /toʊ/ | |
accurate | /100/ | /’æk.jər.ət/ | /’æk.jər.ət/ | |
raise | /1/ | /reɪz/ | /reɪz/ | |
likely | /10/ | /’laɪk.li/ | /’laɪk.li/ | |
museum | /010/ | /mju.’ziː.əm/ | /mju.’ziː.əm/ | |
truth | /1/ | /truːθ/ | /truːθ/ | |
innocuous | /0100/ | /ɪ.’nɒk.ju.əs/ | /ˌɪ.’nɑːk.ju.əs/ | |
bold | /1/ | /bəʊld/ | /boʊld/ | |
forge | /1/ | /fɔːdʒ/ | /fɔːrdʒ/ | |
laboratory | /01000/ | /lə.’bɒr.ət.ər.i/ | laboratory | |
career | /01/ | /kə.’rɪə/ | /kə.’rɪr/ | |
figure | /10/ | /’fɪg.ə/ | /’fɪg.ər/ | |
almost | /10/ | /’ɔːl.məʊst/ | /’ɔːl.ˌmoʊst/ | |
portrait | /10/ | /’pɔːtr.ət/ | /’pɔːtr.ət/ | |
through | /1/ | /θruː/ | /θruː/ | |
highlight | /10/ | /’haɪ.laɪt/ | /’haɪ.ˌlaɪt/ | |
commission | /010/ | /kə.’mɪʃ.ən/ | /kə.’mɪʃ.ən/ | |
enable | /010/ | /ɪn.’eɪb.əl/ | /ɪn.’eɪb.əl/ | |
stroke | /1/ | /strəʊk/ | /stroʊk/ | |
fake | /1/ | /feɪk/ | /feɪk/ | |
curator | /010/ | /kjuə.’reɪt.ə/ | /kjuə.’reɪt.ər/ | |
argue | /10/ | /’ɑːg.juː/ | /’ɑːg.juː/ | |
mayor | /1/ | /meə/ | mayor | |
research | /01/ | /ri.’sɜːtʃ/ | /ri.’s3r ːtʃ/ | |
widow | /10/ | /’wɪd.əʊ/ | /’wɪd.əʊ/ | |
eventually | /01000/ | /ɪ.’ventʃ.u.əl.i/ | /ɪ.’ventʃ.u.əl.i/ | |
infamous | /100/ | /’ɪn.fəm.əs/ | /’ɪn.fəm.əs/ | |
vintage | /10/ | /’vɪnt.ɪdʒ/ | /’vɪnt.ɪdʒ/ | |
auction | /10/ | /’ɔːk.ʃən/ | /’ɑːk.ʃən/ | |
forensic | /010/ | /fə.’rens.ɪk/ | /fə.’rens.ɪk/ | |
drawer | /1/ | /drɔː/ | /drɔːr/ | |
ribbon | /10/ | /’rɪb.ən/ | /’rɪb.ən/ | |
attempt | /01/ | /ə.’tempt/ | /ə.’tempt/ | |
wind | /1/ | /wɪnd/ | /waɪnd/ | |
scissor | /10/ | /’sɪz.ə/ | /’sɪz.ər/ | |
within | /01/ | /wɪð.’ɪn/ | /wɪð.’ɪn/ | |
weird | /1/ | /wɪəd/ | /wɪrd/ | |
ruin | /10/ | /’ruː.ɪn/ | /’ruː.ɪn/ | |
backward | /10/ | /’bæk.wəd/ | /’bæk.wəd/ | |
failure | /10/ | /’feɪl.jə/ | /’feɪl.jər/ | |
fair | /1/ | /feə/ | /fer/ | |
persevere | /201/ | /ˌpɜːs.ɪ.’vɪə/ | /pɜːs.ɪ.’vɪr/ | |
raw | /1/ | /rɔː/ | /rɑː/ | |
fear | /1/ | /fɪə/ | /fɪr/ | |
law | /1/ | /lɔː/ | /lɑː/ | |
outrage | /10/ | /’aʊt.reɪdʒ/ | /’aʊt.ˌreɪdʒ/ | |
ale | /1/ | /eɪl/ | /eɪl/ | |
nourish | /10/ | /’nʌr.ɪʃ/ | /’n3r ːr.ɪʃ/ | |
range | /1/ | /reɪndʒ/ | /reɪndʒ/ | |
damage | /10/ | /’dæm.ɪdʒ/ | /’dæm.ɪdʒ/ | |
evil | /10/ | /’iːv.əl/ | /’iːv.əl/ | |
thirst | /1/ | /θɜːst/ | /θɜ˞ːst/ | |
health | /1/ | /helθ/ | /helθ/ | |
peak | /1/ | /piːk/ | /piːk/ | |
sewage | /10/ | /’suː.ɪdʒ/ | /’suː.ɪdʒ/ | |
cheap | /1/ | /tʃiːp/ | /tʃiːp/ | |
iamb | /10/ | /’aɪ.æm/ | iamb | |
trochee | /10/ | /’trəʊk.iː/ | trochee | |
metaphor | /100/ | /’met.əf.ə/ | /’met.əf.ər/ | |
simile | /100/ | /’sɪm.əl.i/ | simile | |
stanza | /10/ | /’stænz.ə/ | /’stænz.ə/ | |
anaphora | /0100/ | /ə.’næf.ər.ə/ | /ə.’næf.ər.ə/ | |
pentameter | /0100/ | /pen.’tæm.ɪt.ə/ | pentameter | |
imagery | /1000/ | /’ɪm.ɪdʒ.ər.i/ | imagery | |
meter | /10/ | /’miːt.ə/ | /’miːt.ər/ | |
rhyme | /1/ | /raɪm/ | /raɪm/ |
1.5 Échéances
17/09/2021 | Préparer le rapport oral du sondage de début d’année, pour les équipes qui ne sont pas passées. |
03/12/2021 | Test 2h : Compréhension écrite / Vocabulaire / Traduction / Expression écrite (un paragraphe structuré de 300 mots) |
1.6 Flashcards
Images | Expressions |
---|---|
a board with a groove | |
a book clasp | |
a bride | |
a British flag | |
a cloth cover | |
a cordial | |
a curator | |
a cushion | |
a diver | |
a drawing board | |
a fly leaf | |
a frame | |
a grip | |
a harvest | |
a housemaid | |
a jar of cream | |
a kiln | |
a leaf | |
a leap | |
a leash | |
a linen handkerchief | |
a London underground station | |
a magazine spread | |
a man in plus fours | |
a marbled fore edge | |
a millinery | |
a pattern | |
a peak | |
a placard | |
a pound | |
a puddle jumper | |
a root | |
a sliding lid | |
a spark | |
a steam driven cylinder press | |
a steamship | |
a stem | |
a stool | |
a tape handle | |
a tip | |
a tuppence | |
a typeface | |
a Victorian three decker | |
a wake | |
a watercolour | |
a woodcut capital | |
a wooden printing press | |
ale | |
an antiques fair | |
an inn | |
an oyster | |
baby toes | |
backing a book | |
bird seed | |
bleach | |
book binding | |
book spines | |
books with bookmarks | |
books with flaps | |
brush strokes | |
cloth | |
cobbles | |
creasing with bone folders | |
different typefaces | |
dusk | |
Dutch | |
earthenware pot with lid | |
egg tempera paint | |
embroidery | |
endpaper | |
gilded edges | |
glasscases of rare books | |
glazed earthenware | |
hooves | |
increasingly | |
letterA with flourishes | |
letterpress printing | |
monotype printing | |
moodle | |
paper watermark | |
plate A | |
plate B | |
plate C | |
plate D | |
plate E | |
plate F | |
potato blight | |
punch | |
retrieving | |
ruffini | |
sewage | |
stationery | |
the backlining of a book | |
the bands of a book | |
the countryside | |
the Distinguished Flying Cross | |
the golden type by Morris | |
the two cover boards | |
to be dazzled | |
to burst | |
to darn | |
to dig up | |
to display works of art | |
to engrave | |
to grip | |
to highlight something | |
to hurl a ball | |
to mug someone | |
to stagger | |
to thread a needle | |
to witness a robbery | |
trousers | |
two handles | |
two people falling out | |
vine leaf decoration | |
watercolour | |
watermark | |
wood pulp |