1 Bases de données
1.1 Vocabulaire
| Français | English |
|---|---|
| le confinement | the lockdown |
| un ordinateur portable | a laptop |
| 14 sur 20 | 14 out of 20 |
| s’attendre à qqch | to expect stg |
| des résultats mitigés | mixed results |
| l’opinion majoritaire | the majority opinion |
| tranché, clair | clear-cut |
| appartenir à | to belong to |
| la plupart | most |
| un tiers | a third |
| une échelle | a scale |
| un stage | an internship |
| évaluer | to rate |
| un veau | a calf |
| un mollet | a calf |
| augmenter | to increase |
| à l’étranger | abroad |
| la renommée | standing |
| épouvantable | horrendous |
| une tension | a strain |
| libérer | to unleash |
| au cours de | throughout |
| s’appliquer à | to apply to |
| éviter | to avoid |
| de l’agitation politique | unrest |
| réussir à, parvenir à | to manage to |
| la croissance | growth |
| la famine | starvation |
| un moyen | a means |
| une percée | a breakthrough |
| assister à | to attend |
| accomplir | to achieve |
| antérieur, précédent | previous |
| défendable | arguable |
| stupéfiant, incroyable | staggering |
| un bond | a leap |
| la foi | faith |
| une récolte | a harvest |
| se produire | to occur |
| (s’) accélerer | to quicken |
| à partir de X | from X onwards |
| un réseau | a network |
| sous-tendre | to underpin |
| une décennie | a decade |
| considérable | tremendous |
| croissance, progrès | upswing |
| aller de pair | to go hand in hand |
| un équipement | an apparatus |
| être dérouté | to be at a loss |
| provenir de | to stem from |
| se produire, se passer | to occur |
| approfondi, minutieux | thorough |
| une forme | a shape |
| un métier, un artisanat | a craft |
| dans l’ensemble | on the whole |
| réticent à | reluctant to |
| ainsi | thus |
| un test décisif | a litmus test |
| procurer qqch à qqn | to provide sb with stg |
| de très mauvaise qualité | shoddy |
| en raison de | due to |
| se transformer en, devenir | to turn into |
| la fortune | wealth |
| par conséquent | therefore |
| dans le sillage de | in the wake of |
| faire des progrès | to make headway |
| visible | conspicuous |
| relier un livre | to bind |
| posséder | to own |
| à travers, au cours | throughout |
| immédiatement | straight away |
| concevoir à l’avance | to think through |
| inclure, comporter, présenter | to feature |
| une majuscule | a capital |
| une preuve | a proof |
| artisanat, savoir-faire | craftsmanship |
| tisser | to weave |
| prouver, démontrer | to speak to |
| le dos d’un livre | the spine |
| commander (une oeuvre d’art) | to commission |
| le cuir | leather |
| un atelier de reliure | a bindery |
| un bord | an edge |
| doré | gilded |
| rugueux | rough |
| produire, sortir | to issue |
| provisoire | provisional |
| assister à qqch | to attend stg |
| une conférence | a lecture |
| un défaut | a shortcoming |
| une incarnation | an embodiment |
| exposer | to set forth |
| enraciner | to root |
| mettre en valeur | to emphasize |
| la maquette, la disposition | the layout |
| une tache, un défaut | a blemish |
| fabriquer | to manufacture |
| uniquement | solely |
| donner le feu vert | to greenlight |
| en dépit de | in spite of |
| bien que | although |
| un discours | an utterance |
| une déception | a disappointment |
| parmi | among(st) |
| pourtant | yet |
| car | for |
| à moins que | unless |
| une marque, un signe | a token |
| travailler dur | to toil |
| un fardeau | a burden |
| sanctifier | to hallow |
| un but | an aim |
| un grand pas | a stride |
| un zélote | a votary |
| adorer | to worship |
| un coffret | a casket |
| au milieu de | amid(st) |
| un repos | a rest |
| s’efforcer | to strive |
| capter | to engross |
| la perspicacité | insight |
| ignorer | to disreguard |
| manquer | to lack |
| s’étonner | to wonder |
| inonder | to flood |
| des élucubrations | twaddle |
| envers | towards |
| cesser | to cease |
| authentique | genuine |
| une campagne de publicité | an advertising campaign |
| méditer | to ponder |
| les fournitures de bureau | stationery |
| une annonce | an annoucement |
| dispenser qn de | to save sb -ING |
| pensif | thoughtful |
| compatir | to sympathise |
| le nom de famille | the surname |
| enterrer | to bury |
| raffiné | exquisite |
| présenter, comporter | to feature |
| demeurer | to remain |
| au lieu de | instead of |
| aisé | wealthy |
| un foyer | a household |
| un surnom | a nickname |
| façonner | to craft |
| un journal intime | a diary |
| avoir honte de | to be ashamed of |
| de l’adresse | deftness |
| un point (couture) | a stitch |
| du tissu | fabric |
| une aquarelle | a watercolour |
| détester | to loathe |
| élever qqch | to raise |
| avertir de | to warn aganist |
| diffamatoire | libellous |
| entreprendre | to undertake |
| dissimuler | to conceal |
| hors d’atteinte | out of reach |
| récupérer | to retrieve |
| estimer | to reckon |
| minutieux | painstaking |
| éviter, fuir | to shun |
| remarquer | to notice |
| ancien, ex | former |
| un propriétaire | an owner |
| abandonner | to give up |
| viser à | to aim |
| procurer | to provide |
| un salaire | a wage |
| se classer | to rank |
| parmi | among |
| une implication, un engagement | an involvement |
| un conservateur de musée | a curator |
| réduire les dépenses | to cut expenses |
| un logiciel | a software |
| un détaillant | a retailer |
| la conscience | the awareness |
| contrecarrer | to thwart |
| une action | a deed |
| léguer | to bequeath |
| digne | worthy |
| gagner de l’argent en travaillant | to earn |
| s’enrôler | to enlist |
| fort probable | likely |
| le ravitaillement | the supply |
| pendant que | while |
| fournir | to provide |
| déménager | to move |
| décerner | to award |
| biaisé, partial | biassed |
| étendre, étirer | to stretch |
| dentelle | lace |
| résoudre | to work out |
| rendre, donner | to hand out |
| une enchère, une offre d’achat | a bid |
| “tenir debout“, “se tenir“ | to have legs |
| promouvoir (p…) | to promote |
| une mission, une tâche | an assignment |
| dépeindre | to depict |
| sauvage | wild |
| en apparence | seemingly |
| un actif, un atout | an asset |
| au premier plan | in the foreground |
| rester, demeurer | to remain |
| du mobilier, des meubles | furniture |
| une réunion | a meeting |
| emprunter à | to borrow from |
| se moquer de | to poke fun at |
| une échelle (de grandeur) | a scale |
| champ, portée, marge de manœuvre | scope |
| bien aimer qqch | to be fond of stg |
| agencement, disposition, maquette | a layout |
| un but, un objectif (p…) | a purpose |
| un scrupule | a qualm |
| qui s’ensuit, final | eventual |
| un équipage | a crew |
| probable, susceptible | likely |
| s’excuser de qqch | to apologize |
| agile | nimble |
| avertir | to warn |
| diriger qqch | to head stg |
| rendement, productivité | output |
| manipuler qqch | to handle stg |
| confier qqch à qn | to entrust sb with stg |
| une esquisse | a sketch |
| continuer, poursuivre | to carry on |
| vivant, plein d’entrain | lively |
| reconnaître, admettre | to acknowledge |
| un moyens de | a means to |
| planifier | to schedule |
| vendre la mèche | to spill the beans |
| un dollar (fam.) | a buck |
| il semble que | it looks as if |
| dépenser | to spend |
| une tempête | a storm |
| superficiel, peu profond | shallow |
| du jour au lendemain | overnight |
| un modèle | a template |
| un but (p…) | a purpose |
| une enchère | an auction |
| faire 1m. de large | to be 1m. wide |
| fournir (p…) | to provide sb with |
| essayer de | to attempt to |
| plier | to fold |
| s’agenouiller | to kneel |
| une rayure | a stripe |
| occidental | Western |
| côte-à-côte | side-by-side |
| exposer (e…) | to exhibit |
| exposer (d…) | to display |
| un point d’orgue | a highlight |
| un faux | a fake |
| remettre en cause | to call into question |
| un spécialiste | a scholar |
| commander une œuvre d’art | to commission |
| rendre possible | to enable |
| un trait de pinceau | a brush stroke |
| rendre une décision | to rule |
| superviser | to oversee |
| un petit morceau | a patch |
| duper, abuser | to fool |
| une veuve | a widow |
| à la fin, finalement | eventually |
| une arnaque | a scam |
| servir une peine de prison | to do the time |
| médicolégal | forensic |
| un marchand d’art | an art dealer |
| tristement célèbre | infamous |
| une vente aux enchères | an auction |
| reconnu coupable | convicted |
| récolter (un profit) | to net |
| acheter | to purchase |
| reconnaître | to acknowledge |
| courageux, hardi | bold |
| un artisan | a craftsman |
| un témoin | a witness |
| exact | accurate |
| un orteil | a toe |
| un casque | a helmet |
| regarder fixement | to stare |
| mériter | to deserve |
| contrefaire, falsifier | to forge |
| inoffensif | innocuous |
| un mélange | a blend |
| divertir, distraire | to entertain |
| intéressé, cupide | money-grubbing |
| riche, aisé | wealthy |
| une série | a series |
| dévoiler, révéler | to expose |
| inattendu | unexpected |
| gagner de l’argent | to earn money |
| fruitful | prolific |
| a tool or ornament showing human workmanship | artifact |
| containing few details | sketchy |
| done carefully and in great detail | in-depth |
| a main message or piece of information that you learn from something you hear or read | takeaway |
| money that is earned from doing work | income |
| a cover on a container | lid |
| used to refer to someone who has died | late |
| 10 years | decade |
| the profit after reselling | mark-up |
| an ability to do a job well | skill |
| almost not | hardly |
| a feeling of worry after doing something wrong | guilt |
| authorization to leave prison | release |
| false, and damaging to someone’s reputation | slanderous |
| une amende | a fine |
| être fier de | to be proud of |
| une aiguille dans une botte de foin | a needle in a haystack |
| être composé de | to be made up of |
| être agenouillé | to kneel (knelt x 2) |
| un pantalon | a pair of trousers |
| un vol | a theft |
| le personnel | the staff |
| un atelier | a workshop |
| un cadre | a frame |
| un indice | a clue |
| une exposition | an exhibition |
| exposer | to display |
| perdu | unaccounted for |
| une pelote à épingles | a pincushion |
| to seek | chercher |
| la variole | smallpox |
| une entremetteuse | a procuress |
| une maison close | a brothel |
| acajou | mahogany |
| marcher sur la pointe des pieds | to tiptoe |
| une servante | a maid |
| le chanvre | hemp |
| un bourreau | a hangman |
| un noeud coulant | a noose |
| faire un clin d’œil | to wink |
| se disputer à propos de | to argue |
| fouiller les ordures | to scavenge |
| une veillée mortuaire | a wake |
| un cercueil | a coffin |
| abandonner | to leave unattended |
| proche de | close to |
| doué | gifted |
| à l’intérieur de | within |
| une tentative | an attempt |
| malin, rusé | crafty |
| un échec | a failure |
| un couvercle | a lid |
| une foire | a fair |
| nul, de mauvaise qualité | rubbish |
| finalement | eventually |
| infantile | childish |
| brut | raw |
| supposer | to assume |
| selon, d’après | according to |
| un échantillon | a sample |
| finir par | to end up + ING |
| au-delà | beyond |
| un conseil | advice |
| surveiller | to monitor |
| une entreprise | a company |
| cautionner | to endorse |
| suffisant, arrogant | smug |
| un diplôme | a degree |
| à l’égard de | regarding |
| quelque peu | somewhat |
| bien que (a…) | although |
| l’aube | dawn |
| confirmer,soutenir | to uphold |
| en dépit de (i…) | in spite of |
| aplatir | to flatten |
| infondé | unfounded |
| un domaine | a field |
| enhardir | to embolden |
| du matériel | hardware |
| la consommation | consumption |
| une famine | a starvation |
| oisif | idle |
| faire allusion à | to allude to |
| sobre (rare) | abstemious |
| un mal | an evil |
| la pourriture | decay |
| saisir | to grip |
| répandu | widespread |
| la folie | insanity |
| abîmer | to damage |
| une racine | a root |
| révéler | to uncover |
| déclencher | to spark |
| la richesse | wealth |
| à côté de | alongside |
| la soif | thirst |
| une gamme de produits | a range |
| insatiable | unquenchable |
| représenter | to depict |
| des aiguilles à tricoter | knitting needles |
| un fer-de-lance | a spearhead |
| vaincre | to overcome |
| hardi, courageux | bold |
| engendrer | to spawn |
| une mesure, une étape | a step |
| soulever une question | to raise a question |
| aller à l’encontre d’une tendance | to buck a trend |
| un PDG | a CEO |
| étendu | wide-ranging |
| de la boue | mud |
| prendre en compte | to take into account |
| se concentrer sur | to focus on |
| infortuné | hapless |
| cependant (n…) | nevertheless |
| dépendant à | addicted to |
| confier | to vouchsafe |
| gagner de l’argent | to earn |
| an official document, signed by a judge or other person in authority, that gives the police permission to do something | a warrant |
| having legal responsibility for something or someone | liable |
| to refuse to give something or to keep back something: | to withhold |
| to take something or someone away from somewhere | to remove |
| the part of a cooker with a door, used to bake or roast food | an oven |
| able to be bought or used | available |
| one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true | evidence |
| to take something illegally from a person, company, etc. | to defraud |
| the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime | a trial |
| a way of thinking about something, especially expressed in a publicly stated opinion | a stance |
| le devoir | the duty |
| grâce à | thanks to |
| la confiance | the trust |
| épouser qn | to marry sb |
| les pauvres | the paupers |
| partager | to share |
| se concentrer sur | to focus |
| une mouche | a fly |
| une étincelle | a spark |
| élancé | slender |
| projeter | to cast |
| un dard | a sting |
| peu profond | shallow |
| un mendiant | a beggar |
| un gué | a ford |
| un cadran solaire | a dial |
| soupirer | to sigh |
| saisir | to seize |
| une épaule | a shoulder |
| une enclume | an anvil |
| oser | to dare |
| offrir | to bid |
| un torrent | a stream |
| une prairie | a meadow |
| laineux | wooly |
| un val | a vale |
| docile | meek |
| un ver | a worm |
| hurler | to howl |
| écarlate | crimson |
| la colère | wrath |
| un ennemi | a foe |
| fourbe | deceitful |
| la ruse | wile |
| voir (littéraire) | to behold |
| se glisser | to steal |
| sous | beneath |
| au milieu de (littéraire) | in the midst of |
| une tombe | a grave |
| une robe | a gown |
| de la bruyère | briar |
| un nid | a nest |
| chercher | to seek for |
| une tonnelle | a bower |
| un bosquet | a grove |
| un troupeau | a flock |
| grignoter | to nibble |
| un bourgeon | a bud |
| une fleur | a blossom |
| le sein | the bosom |
| une grotte | a cave |
| verser | to pour |
| attentif | heedful |
| brouter | to graze |
| bêler | to bleat |
| pleurer | to weep |
| la crinière | the mane |
| des frères et sœurs | siblings |
| un commerçant | a shopkeeper |
| gémir | to groan |
| parler d’une voix flûtée | to pipe |
| un démon | a fiend |
| lutter | to struggle |
| s’efforcer de | to strive |
| las | weary |
| bouder | to sulk |
1.2 Définitions
| Expression | Definition |
|---|---|
| BACK | the side of the signatures along which the leaves are folded. A synonym for spine |
| BACKING | a light-weight strip of cardboard that is placed between the spine and the covering to stiffen the latter |
| BACKLINING | a stiff strip that acts as the base for making the spine. It is made of the same material as the cover |
| BANDS | the sewing supports (cords) when they are not sunk, but are outside the spine |
| BOARDS | the cover boards when they are made of wood |
| BOOKMARK | a ribbon or cord inserted between the pages and attached to the upper-inside part of the spine |
| COLOPHON | also called publisher’s postcript, it is, in a printed book the final annotation which gives the printer’s name, location, and date of publication |
| COVERING | the material which covers the cover structure. Also the operation of applying it |
| COVER | the structure or material that covers the book block |
| CREASING | the groove, which in bookbinding is made with a particular machine or manually with a bone folder, that folds paper and cardboard without damaging them |
| EDGE | the three-side surfaces along which the book opens. Corresponds to the outer borders of the sheets |
| COVER BOARDS | the two side parts of the cover that cover the surfaces of the book. Also the cardboard pieces before they are covered |
| FLAPS | the cover board turn-ins of typographic covers |
| CASING | the operation in which the book block is inserted and joined to the cover by pasting the flyleaves |
| FLYLEAVES | situated at the beginning and the end of a book. The leaves are folded in two parts, one of which is pasted to the inside of the cover while the other forms the first and last pages of the book |
| FORE-EDGE | in books with rounded spines, this is the rounded recess along the whole edge of the book |
| GAP | a small space left between the shoulder and the tip of the cover boards so that they can open more easily |
| GROOVE | the groove between the spine and the board covers |
| HEAD | the upper part of the book |
| ROUNDING | the operation involved in making the spine rounded |
| SEWING | the operation that enables the signatures to be kept together. It can be done in link-stitch, half-stitch, or full-stitch |
| SHOULDER | obtained by rounding. It is the same thickness as the cover boards |
| HEADBAND | the silk band that encircles the spine and protrudes at the head and tail |
| SIGNATURE or SECTION | two or more sheets folded in half and inserted into each other. The result of folding the printed or blank sheets |
| SPINE | the side of the book in which the signatures are sewed together |
| TAIL | lower part of the book |
| TAPPING (ALIGNING) | a recurring operation that is necessary for keeping the edges of the sheets and the backs of the signatures aligned |
| TITLE PAGE | the page that proceeds the text and bears the title and author’s name |
| TRIMMING | carried out on individual signatures to even them out and make them the same size |
| WASTE PAPER | a technical term to define all the paper (newspaper and wrapping paper) that are used as a support while working |
1.3 Traductions
| Français | English |
|---|---|
| Avec qui habites-tu ? | Who do you live with? |
| Combien de temps cela te prend-il pour aller à l’École Estienne ? | How long does it take you to go to École Estienne? |
| Où habitais-tu l’année dernière ? | Where did you live last year? |
| Es-tu déjà allé(e) au Musée de la Bourse de Commerce qui a ouvert l’année dernière ? | Have you already been to the MBC which opened last year? |
| Regarde ! Ils installent de nouveaux ordinateurs ! | Look! New computers are being installed. |
| On m’a dit qu’ils ne fonctionnaient pas très bien… | I was told they didn’t work properly… |
| Ils sont en train d’examiner le problème. | The issue is being looked into. |
| On dit de ces ordinateurs qu’ils ont coûté très cher. | These computers are said to have cost a lot. |
| On m’a dit que William Morris avait aussi écrit des poèmes | I was told William Morris had also written poems. |
| S’il ne faisait pas aussi chaud, je ne serais pas aussi fatigué(e) | It it weren’t that hot, I wouldn’t be that tired. |
| Tu n’aurais pas dû lui parler | You shouldn’t have spoken to her. |
| Si j’avais su, je n’aurais pas écrit ce courriel. | If I had known, I wouldn’t have written that email. |
| Tu n’aurais pas dû donner le feu vert à cette maquette. | You should not have given the green light to this layout. |
| Ces livres ont été publiés en dépit de leurs défauts. | These books were published in spite of their shortcomings. |
| As-tu assisté à la vidéo-conférence hier soir? | Did you attend yesterday’s video meeting? |
| Morris n’achetait que des produits fabriqués par les meilleurs artisans. | Morris only boughts products manufactured by the best craftsmen. |
| À moins que tu ne sois pas d’accord, je pense que nous devrions choisir cette option. | Unless you disagree, I think we should choose this option. |
| Nous nous efforçons de répondre au mieux aux exigences des clients . | We strive to meet our customers’ requirements as well as we can. |
| J’ai dû assister à la réunion en dépit d’un emploi du temps très serré. | I had to attend the meeting in spite of a very tight schedule. |
| Il a dû oublier de leur envoyer la nouvelle maquette. | He must have forgotten to send them the new layout. |
| Les peintres pré-raphaelites ont dû avoir beaucoup d’influence. | The Pre-Raphaelites must have had a lot of influence. |
| Il se pourrait que cette œuvre ait été découverte par hasard. | This work might have been discovered by chance. |
| Voilà des mois que je me pose aussi cette question ! | I’ve been wondering for months about that too! |
| Le projet sur lequel je travaille depuis vendredi m’ennuie un peu. | The project I’ve been working on since Friday bores me. |
| Ces ouvrages ont été imprimés et reliés au début du vingtième siècle. | These books were bound and printed at the beginning of the twentieth century. |
| On étudie encore l’impact de May Morris sur les Beaux Arts. | May Morris’s impact on Fine Arts is still being studied. |
| On devrait davantage écouter les experts. | Insiders should be listened to more. |
| Les gens croient toujours que les motifs de May Morris ont été créés par son père. | May Morris’s patterns are always believed to have been created by her father. |
| On pense que William Morris a été inspiré par une conférence sur la typographie. | William Morris is thought to have been inspired by a lecture on typography. |
| Ce tableau est exposé à la National Gallery depuis 40 ans. | This painting has been on display for 40 years. |
| L’expérience esthétique dépend-elle de notre connaissance de l’artiste? | Does our aesthetic experience depend on our knowledge of the artist? |
| Les conservateurs de musée devraient dire la vérité, et n’exposer que d’authentiques œuvres d’art. | Curators should tell the truth and only display genuine works of art. |
| Où est ma collègue ? — Elle doit travailler en salle de réunion. | Where is my colleague? She must be working in the meeting room. |
| Il se pourrait que je l’aie vue dans le bureau des ingénieurs. | I might have seen her in the engineers’ office. |
| Ce message a peut-être été envoyé par erreur. | This message may have been sent by mistake. |
| Mon voisin a dû attraper le COVID. | My neighbour must have caught COVID. |
| Il se peut que j’aie cassé ton ordinateur portable… | I may have broken your laptop… |
| Il se pourrait que nous devions changer toute la maquette. | We might have to change the whole layout. |
| Hogarth a dû être un artiste très compétent. | Hogarth must have been a very skilled artist. |
| L’exposition aurait dû avoir lieu à Paris. | The exhibition should have taken place in Paris. |
| Il se peut que beaucoup d’artistes tirent encore leur inspiration de son œuvre. | A lot of artists may still be drawing their inspiration from his work. |
| Il se pourrait que j’aie oublié d’apporter les documents… | I might have forgotten to bring the documents. |
| Tu aurais pu lui écrire un courriel, elle aurait apprécié. | You could have written her an email, she would have appreciated it. |
| Si tu me dis où se trouvent les ciseaux, je te les apporterai. | If you tell me where the scissors are, I will bring them to you. |
| Si j’étais doué, j’emballerais les cadeaux en deux temps trois mouvements. | If I were gifted, I would wrap the presents in no time. |
| Si le comédien avait parlé plus lentement, j’aurais compris ses blagues. | If the comedian had spoken more slowly, I would have understood her jokes. |
| Avec qui travailles-tu sur le logo du cours ? | Who are you working on the logo with? |
| Nous avons décidé de ne pas utiliser le drapeau britannique. | We decided not to use the Union Jack. |
| Le logo serait plus joli si nous avions eu plus de temps. | The logo would be nicer if we had had more time. |
| Nous avons choisi de ne pas utiliser d’images pour créer notre logo. | We chose not to use any images to create our logo. |
| Le logiciel avec lequel nous avons travaillé est très efficace. | The software we worked with is very efficient. |
| Vous vous demandez peut-être pour quelle raison nous avons adopté cette mise en page. | You may wonder why we adopted this layout. |
| Avec qui vas-tu donner ta présentation ? | Who are you going to give your presentation with? |
| Il se peut que ma coéquipière ait oublié d’apporter nos notes… | My team-mate may have forgotten to bring our notes. |
| Pourquoi ne m’a-t-on pas dit que nous devions faire notre présentation aujourd’hui ?! | Why have I not been told we had to give our presentation today?!! |
| Il se peut que le peintre ait voulu choquer. | The painter may have wanted to shock viewers. |
| Il se pourrait que le personnage à l’arrière-plan soit un policier. | The character in the background might be a policeman. |
| Le personnage principal devait habiter dans une grande ville. | The main character must have lived in a big city. |
| Je ne m’attendais pas à bien aimer la poésie… | I wasn’t expecting to like poetry. |
| Je regrette de n’avoir pas lu davantage de poèmes avant. | I wish I had read more poems before. |
| Voilà vingt minutes que je lis ce poème, je ne le comprends toujours pas. | I’ve been reading this poem for 20 minutes, I still don’t understand it. |
| Il se pourrait que j’aie oublié d’apporter les documents… | I might have forgotten to bring the documents. |
| Les gens croient toujours que les motifs de May Morris ont été créés par son père. | May Morris’s patterns are always believed to have been created by her father. |
| Tu n’aurais pas dû donner le feu vert à cette maquette. | You should not have given the green light to this layout. |
| On étudie encore l’impact de May Morris sur les Beaux Arts. | May Morris’s impact on Fine Arts is still being studied. |
| Il se peut que ma coéquipière ait oublié d’apporter nos notes… | My team-mate may have forgotten to bring our notes. |
| On m’a dit que William Morris avait aussi écrit des poèmes | I was told William Morris had also written poems. |
| Nous avons choisi de ne pas utiliser d’images pour créer notre logo. | We chose not to use any images to create our logo. |
| Il se peut que j’aie cassé ton ordinateur portable… | I may have broken your laptop… |
| Si j’avais su, je n’aurais pas écrit ce courriel. | If I had known, I wouldn’t have written that email. |
| Le projet sur lequel je travaille depuis vendredi m’ennuie un peu. | The project I’ve been working on since Friday bores me. |
| As-tu assisté à la vidéo-conférence hier soir? | Did you attend yesterday’s video meeting? |
| free verse | poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter |
| alliteration | use of the same consonant at the beginning of each word |
| metaphor | a figure of speech that suggests a non-literal similarity |
| simile | a figure of speech expressing a resemblance between things |
| imagery | the ability to form mental pictures of things or events |
| symbol | something visible that represents something invisible |
| tone | a quality that reveals the attitudes of the author |
| stanza | a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem |
| rhyme | correspondence in the final sounds of two or more lines |
| anaphora | the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of each line |
| anapest | a metrical foot containing two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. |
| assonance | the repetition of vowel sounds within a tight group of words. |
| dactyl | a metrical foot containing a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables |
| enjambment | the continuation of a sentence or phrase from one line of poetry to the next. |
| meter | a basic unit of measurement in poetry |
| iamb | an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable |
| iambic pentameter | a pattern wherein the lines in a poem consist of five iambs |
| meter | the rhythmic measure of a line |
| rhyming scheme | the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line |
| trochee | a metrical foot containing a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable |
| Le professeur veut que nous lisions des poèmes de William Blake. | The teacher wants us to read poems by William Blake. |
| On m’a dit que William Blake avait écrit l’hymne anglais. | I have been told that William Blake had written the English anthem. |
| Les techniques qu’il a utilisées pour graver ses poèmes étaient très inhabituelles. | The techniques he used to engrave his poems very very uncommon. |
| Ce vers présente une figure de style très intéressante. | Ths line features a very interesting literary device. |
| Il est probable que l’auteur ait ici voulu parler de religion. | The author most likely wanted to speak about religion here. |
| Blake voulait peut-être que le lecteur cherche lui-même le véritable sens de ces vers. | Blake may have wanted the reader to look for the true meaning of these lines by herself. |
1.4 Prononciation
| Word | Stress Pattern | IPA (RP) | Received Pronunciation | General American |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abroad | /01/ | /ə.’brɔːd/ | /ə.’brɔːd/ | |
| pressure | /10/ | /’preʃ.ə/ | /’preʃ.ər/ | |
| occur | /01/ | /ə.’kɜː/ | /ə.’k3r ː/ | |
| unique | /01/ | /ju.’niːk/ | /ju.’niːk/ | |
| achieve | /01/ | /ə.’tʃiːv/ | /ə.’tʃiːv/ | |
| empire | /100/ | /’emp.aɪ.ə/ | /’emp.aɪ.ər/ | |
| era | /10/ | /’ɪər.ə/ | /’er.ə/ | |
| scientific | /2010/ | /ˌsaɪ.ən.’tɪf.ɪk/ | /ˌsaɪ.ən.’tɪf.ɪk/ | |
| breakthrough | /10/ | /’breɪk.θruː/ | /’breɪk.ˌθruː/ | |
| ancient | /10/ | /’eɪnʃ.ənt/ | /’eɪnʃ.ənt/ | |
| throughout | /01/ | /θru.’aʊt/ | /θru.’aʊt/ | |
| associate | /0100/ | /ə.’səʊʃ.i.eɪt/ | /ə.’soʊʃ.i.eɪt/ | |
| linen | /10/ | /’lɪn.ɪn/ | /’lɪn.ɪn/ | |
| leather | /10/ | /’leð.ə/ | /’leð.ər/ | |
| gilded | // | /NA/ | gilded |
|
| rough | /1/ | /rʌf/ | /rʌf/ | |
| lecture | /10/ | /’lek.tʃə/ | /’lek.tʃər/ | |
| feature | /10/ | /’fiːtʃ.ə/ | /’fiːtʃ.ər/ | |
| issue | /10/ | /’ɪʃ.uː/ | /’ɪʃ.uː/ | |
| cathedral | /010/ | /kə.’θiːdr.əl/ | /kə.’θiːdr.əl/ | |
| bindery | /100/ | /’baɪnd.ər.i/ | bindery | |
| blemish | /10/ | /’blem.ɪʃ/ | /’blem.ɪʃ/ | |
| pattern | /10/ | /’pæt.ən/ | /’pæt.ən/ | |
| emphasize | // | /NA/ | emphasize |
|
| sequel | /10/ | /’siːk.wəl/ | /’siːk.wəl/ | |
| manufacture | /2010/ | /ˌmæn.ju.’fæk.tʃə/ | /ˌmæn.ju.’fæk.tʃər/ | |
| thorough | /10/ | /’θʌr.ə/ | /’θ3r ːr.ə/ | |
| shoddy | /10/ | /’ʃɒd.i/ | /’ʃɑːd.i/ | |
| therefore | /10/ | /’ðeə.fɔː/ | /’ðe.ˌfɔːr/ | |
| avoid | /01/ | /ə.’vɔɪd/ | /ə.’vɔɪd/ | |
| conspicuous | /0100/ | /kən.’spɪk.ju.əs/ | /kən.’spɪk.ju.əs/ | |
| pleasure | /10/ | /’pleʒ.ə/ | /’pleʒ.ər/ | |
| mediocre | /2010/ | /ˌmiːd.i.’əʊk.ə/ | /ˌmiːd.i.’oʊk.ər/ | |
| novel | /10/ | /’nɒv.əl/ | /’nɑːv.əl/ | |
| signature | /100/ | /’sɪg.nətʃ.ə/ | /’sɪg.nətʃ.ər/ | |
| labour | /10/ | /’leɪb.ə/ | /’leɪb.ˌaʊr/ | |
| although | /01/ | /ɔːl.’ðəʊ/ | /ˌɔːl.’ðoʊ/ | |
| worthless | /10/ | /’wɜːθ.ləs/ | /’w3r ːθ.ləs/ | |
| knowledge | /10/ | /’nɒl.ɪdʒ/ | /’nɑːl.ɪdʒ/ | |
| burden | /10/ | /’bɜːd.ən/ | /’b3r ːd.ən/ | |
| society | /0100/ | /sə.’saɪ.ət.i/ | /sə.’saɪ.ət.i/ | |
| ethical | /100/ | /’eθ.ɪk.əl/ | /’eθ.ɪk.əl/ | |
| contemporary | /01000/ | /kən.’temp.ər.ər.i/ | /kən.’temp.ər.ˌer.i/ | |
| singer | /10/ | /’sɪŋ.ə/ | /’sɪŋ.ər/ | |
| medium | /100/ | /’miːd.i.əm/ | /’miːd.i.əm/ | |
| genuine | /100/ | /’dʒen.ju.ɪn/ | /’dʒen.ju.ɪn/ | |
| advertise | /100/ | /’æd.və.taɪz/ | /’æd.və.ˌtaɪz/ | |
| bury | /10/ | /’ber.i/ | /’ber.i/ | |
| series | /10/ | /’sɪər.iːz/ | /’sɪr.iːz/ | |
| stationery | /1000/ | /’steɪʃ.ən.ər.i/ | /’steɪʃ.ən.ˌer.i/ | |
| study | /10/ | /’stʌd.i/ | /’stʌd.i/ | |
| thoughtful | /10/ | /’θɔːt.fəl/ | /’θɔːt.fəl/ | |
| initial | /010/ | /ɪ.’nɪʃ.əl/ | /ˌɪ.’nɪʃ.əl/ | |
| chore | /1/ | /tʃɔː/ | /tʃɔːr/ | |
| instead | /01/ | /ɪn.’sted/ | /ˌɪn.’sted/ | |
| wealthy | /10/ | /’welθ.i/ | /’welθ.i/ | |
| journey | /10/ | /’dʒɜːn.i/ | /’dʒ3r ːn.i/ | |
| diary | /100/ | /’daɪ.ər.i/ | /’daɪ.ər.i/ | |
| loathe | /1/ | /ləʊð/ | /loʊð/ | |
| libellous | /100/ | /’laɪb.əl.əs/ | libellous | |
| hurl | /1/ | /hɜːl/ | /hɜ˞ːl/ | |
| notice | /10/ | /’nəʊt.ɪs/ | /’noʊt.ɪs/ | |
| awareness | /010/ | /ə.’weə.nəs/ | /ə.’we.nəs/ | |
| software | /10/ | /’sɒft.weə/ | /’sɔːft.ˌwer/ | |
| worthy | /10/ | /’wɜːð.i/ | /’w3r ːð.i/ | |
| earn | /1/ | /ɜːn/ | /ɜ˞ːn/ | |
| agreement | /010/ | /ə.’griː.mənt/ | /ə.’griː.mənt/ | |
| bequeath | /01/ | /bi.’kwiːð/ | /bi.’kwiːð/ | |
| thwart | /1/ | /θwɔːt/ | /θwɔːrt/ | |
| obituary | /01000/ | /ə.’bɪtʃ.u.ər.i/ | /ə.’bɪtʃ.u.ˌer.i/ | |
| revival | /010/ | /ri.’vaɪv.əl/ | /ri.’vaɪv.əl/ | |
| flourish | /10/ | /’flʌr.ɪʃ/ | /’fl3r ːr.ɪʃ/ | |
| intricate | /100/ | /’ɪntr.ɪk.ət/ | /’ɪntr.ɪk.ət/ | |
| lively | /10/ | /’laɪv.li/ | /’laɪv.li/ | |
| author | /10/ | /’ɔːθ.ə/ | /’ɔːθ.ər/ | |
| entire | /010/ | /ɪn.’taɪ.ə/ | /ɪn.’taɪ.ər/ | |
| allow | /01/ | /ə.’laʊ/ | /ə.’laʊ/ | |
| riot | /10/ | /’raɪ.ət/ | /’raɪ.ət/ | |
| placard | /10/ | /’plæk.ɑːd/ | /’plæk.ɑːd/ | |
| purpose | /10/ | /’pɜːp.əs/ | /’p3r ːp.əs/ | |
| casualty | /1000/ | /’kæʒ.u.əl.ti/ | /’kæʒ.u.əl.ti/ | |
| digital | /100/ | /’dɪdʒ.ɪt.əl/ | /’dɪdʒ.ɪt.əl/ | |
| purchase | /10/ | /’pɜːtʃ.əs/ | /’p3r ːtʃ.əs/ | |
| acknowledge | /010/ | /ək.’nɒl.ɪdʒ/ | /ək.’nɑːl.ɪdʒ/ | |
| toe | /1/ | /təʊ/ | /toʊ/ | |
| accurate | /100/ | /’æk.jər.ət/ | /’æk.jər.ət/ | |
| raise | /1/ | /reɪz/ | /reɪz/ | |
| likely | /10/ | /’laɪk.li/ | /’laɪk.li/ | |
| museum | /010/ | /mju.’ziː.əm/ | /mju.’ziː.əm/ | |
| truth | /1/ | /truːθ/ | /truːθ/ | |
| innocuous | /0100/ | /ɪ.’nɒk.ju.əs/ | /ˌɪ.’nɑːk.ju.əs/ | |
| bold | /1/ | /bəʊld/ | /boʊld/ | |
| forge | /1/ | /fɔːdʒ/ | /fɔːrdʒ/ | |
| laboratory | /01000/ | /lə.’bɒr.ət.ər.i/ | laboratory | |
| career | /01/ | /kə.’rɪə/ | /kə.’rɪr/ | |
| figure | /10/ | /’fɪg.ə/ | /’fɪg.ər/ | |
| almost | /10/ | /’ɔːl.məʊst/ | /’ɔːl.ˌmoʊst/ | |
| portrait | /10/ | /’pɔːtr.ət/ | /’pɔːtr.ət/ | |
| through | /1/ | /θruː/ | /θruː/ | |
| highlight | /10/ | /’haɪ.laɪt/ | /’haɪ.ˌlaɪt/ | |
| commission | /010/ | /kə.’mɪʃ.ən/ | /kə.’mɪʃ.ən/ | |
| enable | /010/ | /ɪn.’eɪb.əl/ | /ɪn.’eɪb.əl/ | |
| stroke | /1/ | /strəʊk/ | /stroʊk/ | |
| fake | /1/ | /feɪk/ | /feɪk/ | |
| curator | /010/ | /kjuə.’reɪt.ə/ | /kjuə.’reɪt.ər/ | |
| argue | /10/ | /’ɑːg.juː/ | /’ɑːg.juː/ | |
| mayor | /1/ | /meə/ | mayor | |
| research | /01/ | /ri.’sɜːtʃ/ | /ri.’s3r ːtʃ/ | |
| widow | /10/ | /’wɪd.əʊ/ | /’wɪd.əʊ/ | |
| eventually | /01000/ | /ɪ.’ventʃ.u.əl.i/ | /ɪ.’ventʃ.u.əl.i/ | |
| infamous | /100/ | /’ɪn.fəm.əs/ | /’ɪn.fəm.əs/ | |
| vintage | /10/ | /’vɪnt.ɪdʒ/ | /’vɪnt.ɪdʒ/ | |
| auction | /10/ | /’ɔːk.ʃən/ | /’ɑːk.ʃən/ | |
| forensic | /010/ | /fə.’rens.ɪk/ | /fə.’rens.ɪk/ | |
| drawer | /1/ | /drɔː/ | /drɔːr/ | |
| ribbon | /10/ | /’rɪb.ən/ | /’rɪb.ən/ | |
| attempt | /01/ | /ə.’tempt/ | /ə.’tempt/ | |
| wind | /1/ | /wɪnd/ | /waɪnd/ | |
| scissor | /10/ | /’sɪz.ə/ | /’sɪz.ər/ | |
| within | /01/ | /wɪð.’ɪn/ | /wɪð.’ɪn/ | |
| weird | /1/ | /wɪəd/ | /wɪrd/ | |
| ruin | /10/ | /’ruː.ɪn/ | /’ruː.ɪn/ | |
| backward | /10/ | /’bæk.wəd/ | /’bæk.wəd/ | |
| failure | /10/ | /’feɪl.jə/ | /’feɪl.jər/ | |
| fair | /1/ | /feə/ | /fer/ | |
| persevere | /201/ | /ˌpɜːs.ɪ.’vɪə/ | /pɜːs.ɪ.’vɪr/ | |
| raw | /1/ | /rɔː/ | /rɑː/ | |
| fear | /1/ | /fɪə/ | /fɪr/ | |
| law | /1/ | /lɔː/ | /lɑː/ | |
| outrage | /10/ | /’aʊt.reɪdʒ/ | /’aʊt.ˌreɪdʒ/ | |
| ale | /1/ | /eɪl/ | /eɪl/ | |
| nourish | /10/ | /’nʌr.ɪʃ/ | /’n3r ːr.ɪʃ/ | |
| range | /1/ | /reɪndʒ/ | /reɪndʒ/ | |
| damage | /10/ | /’dæm.ɪdʒ/ | /’dæm.ɪdʒ/ | |
| evil | /10/ | /’iːv.əl/ | /’iːv.əl/ | |
| thirst | /1/ | /θɜːst/ | /θɜ˞ːst/ | |
| health | /1/ | /helθ/ | /helθ/ | |
| peak | /1/ | /piːk/ | /piːk/ | |
| sewage | /10/ | /’suː.ɪdʒ/ | /’suː.ɪdʒ/ | |
| cheap | /1/ | /tʃiːp/ | /tʃiːp/ | |
| iamb | /10/ | /’aɪ.æm/ | iamb | |
| trochee | /10/ | /’trəʊk.iː/ | trochee | |
| metaphor | /100/ | /’met.əf.ə/ | /’met.əf.ər/ | |
| simile | /100/ | /’sɪm.əl.i/ | simile | |
| stanza | /10/ | /’stænz.ə/ | /’stænz.ə/ | |
| anaphora | /0100/ | /ə.’næf.ər.ə/ | /ə.’næf.ər.ə/ | |
| pentameter | /0100/ | /pen.’tæm.ɪt.ə/ | pentameter | |
| imagery | /1000/ | /’ɪm.ɪdʒ.ər.i/ | imagery | |
| meter | /10/ | /’miːt.ə/ | /’miːt.ər/ | |
| rhyme | /1/ | /raɪm/ | /raɪm/ |
1.5 Échéances
| 17/09/2021 | Préparer le rapport oral du sondage de début d’année, pour les équipes qui ne sont pas passées. |
| 03/12/2021 | Test 2h : Compréhension écrite / Vocabulaire / Traduction / Expression écrite (un paragraphe structuré de 300 mots) |
1.6 Flashcards
| Images | Expressions |
|---|---|
|
a board with a groove |
|
a book clasp |
|
a bride |
|
a British flag |
|
a cloth cover |
|
a cordial |
|
a curator |
|
a cushion |
|
a diver |
|
a drawing board |
|
a fly leaf |
|
a frame |
|
a grip |
|
a harvest |
|
a housemaid |
|
a jar of cream |
|
a kiln |
|
a leaf |
|
a leap |
|
a leash |
|
a linen handkerchief |
|
a London underground station |
|
a magazine spread |
|
a man in plus fours |
|
a marbled fore edge |
|
a millinery |
|
a pattern |
|
a peak |
|
a placard |
|
a pound |
|
a puddle jumper |
|
a root |
|
a sliding lid |
|
a spark |
|
a steam driven cylinder press |
|
a steamship |
|
a stem |
|
a stool |
|
a tape handle |
|
a tip |
|
a tuppence |
|
a typeface |
|
a Victorian three decker |
|
a wake |
|
a watercolour |
|
a woodcut capital |
|
a wooden printing press |
|
ale |
|
an antiques fair |
|
an inn |
|
an oyster |
|
baby toes |
|
backing a book |
|
bird seed |
|
bleach |
|
book binding |
|
book spines |
|
books with bookmarks |
|
books with flaps |
|
brush strokes |
|
cloth |
|
cobbles |
|
creasing with bone folders |
|
different typefaces |
|
dusk |
|
Dutch |
|
earthenware pot with lid |
|
egg tempera paint |
|
embroidery |
|
endpaper |
|
gilded edges |
|
glasscases of rare books |
|
glazed earthenware |
|
hooves |
|
increasingly |
|
letterA with flourishes |
|
letterpress printing |
|
monotype printing |
|
moodle |
|
paper watermark |
|
plate A |
|
plate B |
|
plate C |
|
plate D |
|
plate E |
|
plate F |
|
potato blight |
|
punch |
|
retrieving |
|
ruffini |
|
sewage |
|
stationery |
|
the backlining of a book |
|
the bands of a book |
|
the countryside |
|
the Distinguished Flying Cross |
|
the golden type by Morris |
|
the two cover boards |
|
to be dazzled |
|
to burst |
|
to darn |
|
to dig up |
|
to display works of art |
|
to engrave |
|
to grip |
|
to highlight something |
|
to hurl a ball |
|
to mug someone |
|
to stagger |
|
to thread a needle |
|
to witness a robbery |
|
trousers |
|
two handles |
|
two people falling out |
|
vine leaf decoration |
|
watercolour |
|
watermark |
|
wood pulp |